[Comparison the effect of short-term swimming training and curcumin supplementation on damaged spatial memory after binge ethanol drinking in male rats: preliminary report]

Background: Help to return people who have social disorders, including alcohol consumption, are the important topics of research in the field of biology, which in this area regarding the efficiency of the pharmacological interventions and physical activity

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two weeks of swimming training or curcumin supplementation on spatial memory improved after the destruction caused by the binge ethanol drinking in male rats

Methods: In an experimental trial, 24 Wistar rats [male, 200-250 g] were selected and every eight hours one time received ethanol for 4 days. After six days of abstain, for 2-weeks interventions of the swimming and curcumin supplementation was applied. The rats were randomly divided into three groups: 1] control; 2] swim; and 3] curcumin. After 2-weeks by using the Morris Water Maze, learning and spatial memory were assessed

Results: After 2-weeks of swimming training and curcumin supplementation, time and distance to reach the platue found a significant reduction, which represents the process of learning [P < 0.05]. The amount of this reduction was larger in curcumin group than the other groups. No significant difference was observed between the effects of interventions in spatial memory [P > 0.05]

Conclusion: Despite the slight improvement in the training and curcumin groups compared to control group, two weeks of swimming or curcumin supplementation can not improve spatial memory after binge ethanol drinking. According to the results of this study concludes that learning performance during the period of recovery after ethanol consumption under the influence of two weeks aerobic exercise and curcumin supplementation, but spatial memory dose not affected by these two interventions

[Synchronic effect of curcumin and swimming training on depression level in morphine dependent male mice]

Background: There is need to more research because of extent drug trade in country and diversity of proposal cures such as non pharmacological ways including exercise and herbal supplements medicine

Objective: The aim of this study was investigation of synchronic effect of Curcumin and swim training on depression in morphine dependent male mice

Methods: In an experimental research, 40 Albino NMRI male mice with 19- 21 gr were selected as subjects and they were divide randomly to care groups of control, morphine, swim training, Curcumin, Swim training+ Curcumin. Subjects swam 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 1 week with receiving Curcumin. Then, they were taken morphine [2.5 mg/ml/kg] for 5 days with swim training. Therefore FST was done and after 10 days this test was taken again

Results: Training increased swimming activity time, but it had no significant effect on immobility and climbing activities. At this period, Curcumin supplement caused increasing the time of climbing activities and no alteration in immobility and swimming times. Curcumin supplement with swim training caused increasing immobility time and decreasing swimming time, but it had no significant effect on climbing activities time

Conclusion: The results of this research showed that morphine consumption didn't cause depression. Also, combination of Curcumin supplement and swim training didn't cause depression decreasing in morphine consumption term

Effective factors of treatment outcome in smear positive tuberculosis patients in Golestan province-Iran [2014]

Background and Objective: Tuberculosis [TB] is the main cause of death in the world. Half of the patient eventually will die during first 5-year of infection if they do not receive suitable treatment. According to WHO's report, treatment success in Iran is lower than the regional and global mean. This study was conducted to identify the effective factors of treatment failure among tuberculosis patient in golestan province- Iran

Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted on 331 new smear positive tuberculosis patients that detected in TB laboratory in in golestan province-north of Iran during 2014. Inclusion criteria included weight more than 30kg, age greater than 13 years, diabetes, immune deficiency, liver or kidney diseases. Patients were treated according to a protocol for a period of two months on the DOTS strategy. The criterion of treatment outcome was sputum smear at the end of the second month of treatment. The effect of gender, medication regiment, age, weight, smoking, addiction and severity of smear basilli load on treatment outcome was assessed

Results: 50.8% and 49.2% of patients were treated with combination and separate medicinal regiments, respectively. The conversion rate of smear positive was 67.7% at the end of the second months. According to multivariate logistic regression, the age of the patient [95% CI: 0.96-0.99, OR: 0.98, P=0.017], addiction [95% CI: 1.26-4.54, OR: 2.4, P=0.008], ethnicity [95% CI: 1.86-7.02, OR: 3.62, P=0.0001] and diagnostic smear bacilli load [P=0.0001] were the important effective variables

Conclusion: The success of two months treatment was fairly low and the important factors on treatment success during the intensive phase were patient age, smoking, addiction and diagnostic smear bacilli load

[Relationship between socio-economic factors and tuberculosis using negative binomial and Poisson regression models]

Tuberculosis [TB] is the most important cause of death worldwide. The main reason for the increasing global burden of TB are severe poverty and class distinctions between rich and poor population groups in various communities. This study was performed to determine the relationship between socio-economic factors and TB using negative binomial and Poisson regression models. This descriptive - analytic study was conducted on 11320 TB affected patients in Iran during 2010. Data was gathered from the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The relationship between the numbers of cases with socio-economic indicators was determined using negative binomial and Poisson models. Fitting models were compared using AIC [Akaike Information Criterion] and BIC [Bayesian Information Criterion]. The Poisson regression model showed a significant relationship between the TB mortality rate and socio-economic factors [P<0.05]. Negative binomial regression model showed a significant relationship between TB and unemployment, illiterate, immigration and urban residency [P<0.05]. Negative binomial regression model showed no relationship between TB and family size, physicians' ratio to the number of population centers and annual average income. There is a significant impact of socio-economic factors with the number of TB cases. Negative binomial regression model is suitable for accountable data in comparision with Poisson regression model

[Incidence rate of bovine and human tuberculosis in five regions of Iran during one decade [1999-2009]: an ecological study]

Mycobacterium bovis is responsible for 5-10% human tuberculosis all around the world. It especially infects children and people living in weak health-care regions. Currently, 25% of people with tuberculosis in Iran are afflicted by extrapulmonary tuberculosis [often related to M. bovis] that has exceeded standard amount. This investigation is an effort for studying human tuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis in Sistanobalouchestan province that has the maximum incidence rate of human tuberculosis in Iran. In this ecological study, human tuberculosis data were provided from Tuberculosis and Leprosy Office of Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The bovine tuberculosis data were received from Veterinary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Among all studied towns in Sistanobalouchestan province, "Zabol" had the highest amount of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and total human tuberculosis for each year and "Zahedan" had the highest incidence rate of bovine tuberculosis. Meanwhile, all types of tuberculosis have been decreased within this ten years period. This study has shown in all towns of Sistanobalouchestan province human tuberculosis has a high incidence rate. Bovine tuberculosis had an indeterminate way and in last 4 years, the incidence rate has not been reported. Further studies including microbiological experiments and detection of precise species of infecting bacteria are strongly recommended for upcoming researches

[Interaction between nicotine and dopaminergic D1 receptor of dorsal hippocampus in the hole-board test of anxiety]

Background: Nicotinic and dopaminergic systems influence anxiety behavior. Furthermore, the interaction between nicotine and dopamine D1 receptors has been demonstrated in modulation of some behaviors

Objective: To investigate the involvement of dorsal hippocampus dopaminergic D1 receptor in the nicotine effects on anxiety behavior

Methods: This was an experimental study carried out at Tehran Institute of Cognitive Sciences in2009. Initially, 190 mice in 10-member groups were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus and twocannulae placed in the CA1 region of hippocampus. Later, the effects of dopaminergic D1 receptors agonist [SKF38393] and antagonist [SCH23390] on nicotine anxiogenic effects in mice were measured using hole-board test of anxiety. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test

Findings: Nicotine [0.5 mg/kg] produced anxiogenic effect [P<0.001]. Intra-CA1 injections of ineffective doses of SCH23390 reversed the anxiogenic effects induced by nicotine [P<0.001]. Furthermore, co-administration of ineffective dose of SKF38393 plus ineffective dose of nicotine increased the anxiogenic effect of nicotine [P<0.001]. Locomotion activity was unchanged when no drug was administered

Conclusion: The results indicated that dopamine D1 receptors of the dorsal hippocampus have modulatory role in the anxiogenic response induced by nicotine

[Interaction between cannabinoidergic system and H2 receptors in CA1 region upon anxiety-like behaviors in Hole-Board test]

Cannabinoids produce a wide array of effects on different species and interact with different neurotransmitter systems in the brain. In the present study, the effects of histaminergic and cannabinoidregic systems as well as their interactions on anxiety-related behaviors were examined on mice. In this study, at first mice were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine. They were then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannuale were placed one mm above CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. After that, seventeen groups of animals were tested with hole board apparatus for measuring anxiety behavior. For the statistical analysis, One-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Dunnett's test were used. Intra-CA1 injection of WIN55, 212-2 [0.1, 0.5 microg/mice] did not modify anxiety-related behaviors in mice. But administration of AM251 [25 and 50ng/mice], histamine or ranitidine [5micro g/mice] induced anxiogenic-like response. Also, co-administration of WIN55, 212-2 with histaminergic agents, decreased the anxiogenic-like response of histamine, but not that of ranitidine. Co-administration of an ineffective dose of AM251 with histaminergic drugs did not alter the response induced by these drugs. In all the experiments, locomotor activity was not significantly changed. These results showed that there may be a partial interaction between the cannabinoidergic and the histaminergic systems of the dorsal hippocampus on anxiety-like behaviors

[Interaction between dopamine D2 and NMDA receptors in the dorsal hippocampus of rats in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety]

Different studies have indicated that glutamate and dopamine are involved in producing anxiety. Furthermore, interaction between NMDA and dopamine receptors has been demonstrated in the modulation of some behaviors. In the present study, the role of dopaminergic D2 receptor in producing anxiety-like behavior induced by inhibition of NMDA receptors was investigated in male wistar rats. Rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride, plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannuale were placed in the CA1 region of hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for one week before beginning behavioral test. The elevated plus maze test was used to test anxiety-like behaviors. The results of this study showed that intra-CA1 injection of MK801 [2 micro g/rat] induced anxiolytic effects. Intra-CA1 injection sulpiride [0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 micro g/rat] by itself had no effect on anxiety-like behaviors, but administration of the same doses of sulpiride 5 mins before injection of the effective dose of MK801 [2 micro g/rat, intra-CA1] inhibited anxiolytic effects of MK801. The results indicated that CA1 region of hippocampus have an important role in anxiolytic effects of MK801; and anxiolytic effect of NMDA receptors antagonist is at least partly mediated via D2 receptors of the dorsal hippocampus

[Influence of intracerebral administration of l-arginine in dorsal hippocampus [CA1] on win55, 212-2 induced state-dependent memory]

Cannabinoids are a class of psychoactive compounds that produce a wide array of effects in a large number of species. In the present study, the effects of bilateral intra-CA1 injections of L-arginine on WIN55, 212-2 induced state-dependent memory of passive avoidance task was examined in mice. One-trial step-down paradigm was used for the assessment of memory retention in adult male NMRI mice. Post-training intraCA1 administration of cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55, 212-2 [0.5 and 1 micro g/mouse], decreased the memory retrieval. The memory impairment induced by post-training administration of WIN55, 212-2 [1micro g/mouse]was restored by pre-test administration of the same dose of the drug, showing the state-dependent memory of WIN55, 212-2. Single intra-CA1 administration of L-arginine [0.3, 1 and 3 micro g/mouse] 5min pre-test could not alter the memory retrieval. On the other hand, in the animals in which retrieval was impaired due to post-training administration of WIN55, 212-2 [1micro g/ mouse], pre-test intra-CA1 administration of L-arginine [1 and 3 micro g/ mouse], 24hr after training restored memory retrieval. Furthermore, in the animals under influence of post-training administration of WIN55, 212-2 [1 micro g/mouse], pre-test co-administration of non-effective doses of WIN55, 212-2 and L-arginine, increased the restoration of memory by the pre-test WIN55, 212-2. The findings of the present study suggest that NO system of dorsal hippocampus may play an important role in WIN55,212-2-induced amnesia and WIN55,212-2 state-dependent memory

[Interaction between harmane and nicotinic in the passive avoidance test]

A number of beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmane are naturally present in the human food chain. Furthermore, some plants which contain beta-carboline have behavioral effects such as hallucination. In the present study, the effect of intra-dorsal hippocampus injection of nicotinic receptor agonist on memory impairment induced by harmane was examined in mice. This study was conducted at Shahid Beheshti University in 2009. Two hundred and forty mice were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride, plus xylazine which afterwards were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two cannuale were placed in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for a total week before beginning of the behavioral testing. After that, the animals were trained in a step-down type inhibitory avoidance task and tested 24 hours after training to measure step-down latency as a scale of memory. Pre-training and post-training, intra-peritoneal injection of harmane impairs inhibitory avoidance memory, but pre-testing injection of harmane did not alter memory retrieval. Pre-testing administration of high dose of nicotine [0.5 micro g/mice, intra-CA1] decreased memory retrieval. On the other hand, pre-test intra-CA1 injection of ineffective doses of nicotine [0.1 and 2.5 micro g/mice] fully reversed harmane induced impairment of memory. The present results indicated that complex interaction exists between nicotinic receptor of dorsal hippocampus and the impairment of inhibitory avoidance memory induced by harmane

[ interaction between harmane and nicotinic receptors of dorsalhippocampus in a hole-board test of anxiety in mice]

beta-carboline alkaloids, such as harmane, are found in common plant-derived foodstuffs and plant-derived inhalation components of tobacco. In the present study, the involvement of dorsal hippocampus nicotinic receptor in the harmane effects on anxiety behavior has been evaluated. Mice were anesthetized with an intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Cannual were bilaterally implanted in the CA1 region of hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for 1 week before the beginning of the behavioral testing. The hole-board test was used to evaluate the anxiety-like behaviors. One-way analys was of variance so that Dunnett's test was used to analyse data. All experiments were performed in accordance with institutional guidelines for animal care and use. Intraperitoneal injection of harmane decreased the number of head dip and locomotion [P<0.001]. While bilateral intra-dorsal hippocampal injections of nicotine decreased the number of head dip [P<0.01], it had no effect on locomotor activity. Furthermore, intra-dorsal hippocampal injection of mecamylamine [nicotinic receptor antagonist] in the presence and absence of harmane had no effect on anxiety behavior and locomotion [P>0.05]. harmane and nicotine not only display anxiogenic effects but also demonstrate a complex interaction. The findings also indicated that harmane induces anxiety via nonnicotinic receptors

Iron status in febrile seizure: a case-control study

Data on the relationship between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsions are controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the association between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsions among children. This case-control study was conducted during 2006-2007, on 90 children with febrile seizures [case] and 90 febrile children without seizures [control] referred to the Amirkola children hospital [a referral hospital in the north of Iran]. Two groups were matched for age and sex. In all children hemoglobin [Hb] level, hematocrit [Hct], mean corpuscular volume [MCV], mean corpuscular hemoglobin [MCH] and plasma ferritin [PF] were determined and the data collected were analyzed statistically using the t-test. The mean PF and TIBC levels were not significantly different in the febrile seizure compared to the reference group; neither were differences in Hb levels statistically significant between two groups. However MCV and MCH were significantly higher in the febrile seizure group [p<0.05] compared to reference group. Plasma ferritin levels were not significantly lower in children with febrile seizures in comparison with the children in control group. It seems that iron insufficiency does not play a role in pediatric febrile seizures

[Involvement of D1/D2 receptors on 1-methyl-B-carboline [harmane] induced-amnesia in the step-down passive avoidance test]

Background and Objective: a number of beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmane are naturally present in the human food chain. In the present study the involvement of dopaminergic system on harmane induced amnesia was investigated

Materials and Methods: one-trial step-down paradigm was used for the assessment of memory retention in adult male NMRI mice

Results: intraperitoneal [i.p.] administration of harmane [5 and 10 mg/kg] immediately after training, dose dependently decreased memory formation. Administration of D1/D2 receptors agonist, Apo morphine [0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.] before testing by itself could not alter memory retrieval. On the other hand, in the animals in which memory formation was impaired due to harmane post-training administration, pre-test administration of Apo morphine [0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.] 24 hrs. After training in days test restored memory Furthermore, administration of SCH23390 [0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.] or sulpiride [12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.] before testing by itself could not alter memory retrieval, respectively. On the other hand in the animals in which memory formation was impaired due to harmane post-training injection, pre-test administration of SCH23390 [0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg] or sulpiride [25, 50 mg/kg, i.p.] 24 hrs. after training in days test decreased harmane-induced amnesia

Conclusion: these findings indicate the involvement of D1/D2 receptors in harmane induced-amnesia through different mechanism[s]